Chmod

chmod <octal_value> file

The octal (0-7) value is calculated by adding up the values for each digit
User (rwx) = 4+2+1 = 7
Group(rx) = 4+1 = 5
World (rx) = 4+1 = 5
chmode mode = 0755

Examples

x------------------------x-----------x
|chmod u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rx  | chmod 775 | 
|chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=     | chmod 760 |
|chmod u=rw,g=r,o=r      | chmod 644 |
|chmod u=rw,g=r,o=       | chmod 640 |
|chmod u=rw,go=          | chmod 600 |
|chmod u=rwx,go=         | chmod 700 |
x------------------------x-----------x

chmod 400 file - Read by owner
chmod 040 file - Read by group
chmod 004 file - Read by world

chmod 200 file - Write by owner
chmod 020 file - Write by group
chmod 002 file - Write by world

chmod 100 file - execute by owner
chmod 010 file - execute by group
chmod 001 file - execute by world

To combine these, just add the numbers together:
chmod 444 file - Allow read permission to owner and group and world
chmod 777 file - Allow everyone to read, write, and execute file