Difference between revisions of "Linux commands"

From RHS Wiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(50 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Linux commands'''
+
== Linux general commands ==
 
 
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
|-
 
|-
! Commands !! Description
+
! Command !! Description
 
|-
 
|-
| tty || Shows the terminal where you are connected
+
| [[Linux_command:_alias|alias]] || Creates a commnad
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_alien|alien]] || Migrate packages from .rpm to .deb and vice versa
 +
|-
 +
| apropos <subject> || Sows commnads related to a subject
 
|-
 
|-
| free || Shows free memory
+
| [[Linux_comand:_apt-get|apt-get]] || Package installation and system update
 
|-
 
|-
| date || Shows date
+
| [[Linux_command:_awk|awk]] || CLI text processor
 
|-
 
|-
 
| cal || Shows calendar
 
| cal || Shows calendar
 +
|-
 +
| cat <filename> || Shows file content
 
|-
 
|-
 
| clear || Clear screen
 
| clear || Clear screen
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_date|date]] || Shows date
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_dd|dd]] || Create / Dump images
 +
|-
 +
| df || Shows the disk ussage. Example: df -h -x devtmpfs -x tmpfs
 +
|-
 +
| dpkg || .deb package installation: sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_du|du]] || Disk ussage
 +
|-
 +
| export VARIABLE=VALUE || To create system variables
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_fsck|fsck]] || Check file system
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_fdisk|fdisk]] || Disk partition utility
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_find|find]] || Find files
 +
|-
 +
| free || Shows free memory
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux:_gpg|gpg]] || GnuPG
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_comand:_grep|grep]] || finds text matching regex or text
 +
|-
 +
| head || Shows file start (-n, -f,...)
 +
|-
 +
| history || Shows the commnad history (contained in ~.bash_history)
 +
|-
 +
| info <command> || Sows command info
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_ln|ln]] || Create simbolic links
 +
|-
 +
| lsb_release -a || Show os name and version
 +
|-
 +
| lsblk ||
 +
|-
 +
| lspci -v || View PCI device information
 +
|-
 +
| lscpu || List cpu cores
 +
|-
 +
| lsof || <nowiki>sudo lsof -i -n | egrep '\<ssh\>'</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
| man <command> || Sowhs a command manual page
 +
|-
 +
| mc || Midnight commander. File system navigation
 +
|-
 +
| mkdosfs -F32 /dev/mmcblk0 || Format SD card with FAT32
 +
|-
 +
| more <filename> || Shows file content, screen by screen
 +
|-
 +
| mount || File sistem mounting
 +
|-
 +
| pwd || Shows working directory
 +
|-
 +
| rsync -a ruta1 ruta2 [--exclude=/{dir1, dir2..]/] || Copies files from ruta1 to ruta2 excluding dir1, dir2,...
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux command: rename|rename]] || Rename files allowing regex
 +
|-
 +
| scp || Copy files to a remote machine over ssh protocol
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux:_SSH|ssh]] || ssh (Secure Shell)
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_sed|sed]] || String replacement
 +
|-
 +
| sort || Sorts the content of a file line by line
 +
|-
 +
| su || Log as root at the terminal (sudo su)
 +
|-
 +
| sudo <command>|| Execute command as root
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_tar|tar]] || Compress/decompress tar files
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux command: tail|tail]] || Shows file end (-n, -f, ...)
 +
|-
 +
| touch <file_name> || Creates an empty file
 +
|-
 +
| tty || Shows the terminal where you are connected
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_uname|uname]] || Shows system info
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_comand:_visudo|visudo]] || visudo is used to securely edit /etc/sudoers
 +
|-
 +
| wc -l || Counts lines
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_wget|wget]] || Download files/web pages
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux:_vim|vim]] || Text file editor
 
|-
 
|-
 
| who || Connected persons
 
| who || Connected persons
Line 19: Line 112:
 
| whoami || Who am i
 
| whoami || Who am i
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Linux_command:_uname|uname]] || Shows system info
+
| [[Linux_command:_xargs|xargs]] || Send output of command to stdin
 +
|-
 +
| <nowiki><cmd1> | <cmd2></nowiki> || Pipe: takes the output of command1 as input of command2. example: <nowiki>cat /etc/passwd | sort | more</nowiki>
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== Users and File permissions ==
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
! Command !! Description
 
|-
 
|-
| [[Linux_command:_du|du]] || Disk ussage
+
| [[Linux_command:_adduser|adduser]] || Add users
 +
| w || Show connected users
 
|-
 
|-
| ||
+
| chown <NewOwner>:<NewGroup> <File>|| Change file owner
 
|-
 
|-
| ||
+
| chgrp <NewGroup> <File> || Change group of file
 
|-
 
|-
| ||
+
| [[Linux_command:_chmod|chmod]] || Change file permissions
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
== Processes ==
  
df: Muestra el espacio ocupado y disponible del disco ej: df -h
+
{| class="wikitable sortable"
man: man comando, muestra la pagina del manual para un comando.
+
|-
apropos tema: muestra los comandos relacionados con un tema.
+
! Command !! Description
info comando: muestra información sobre un comando ej: info info
+
|-
history Muestra los comandos ejecutados
+
| CTRL + C || Stop process
man [comando] Muestra el manual para un comando (q para salir)
+
|-
 +
| CTRL + Z || Pause process
 +
|-
 +
| %PID || Recover paused process
 +
|-
 +
| <command>& || Execute command in second plane
 +
|-
 +
| bg <command> || Execute command in second plane
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_ps|ps]] || List processes
 +
|-
 +
| pstree || Show process tree
 +
|-
 +
| top || Processes viewer
 +
|-
 +
| htop || Process viewer more advanced than top
 +
|-
 +
| kill %PID || Terminate process
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_nice|nice, renice]] || Process priorities: nice -n <command>
 +
|-
 +
| nohup <command> || Execute process avoiding its stop if the terminal is stopt
 +
|-
 +
| pgrep <pattern>|| Retruns process that matches pattern
 +
|-
 +
| locate <program> || Returns program path
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
pwd, cd, ls(-la), mkdir, rmdir, rm, cp, mv
+
== Firewall ==
touch nombrearchivo.ext Crea un archivo vacio
+
{| class="wikitable sortable"
alias crea un comando renombrado ej: alias cls=clear
+
|-
 +
! Command !! Description
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_iptables|iptables]] || Firewall rules
 +
|-
 +
| service iptables [start, stop] || Activate/deactivate firewall
 +
|-
 +
| route -n || Shows routing table
 +
|}
  
cat, more Muestran contenido archivos
+
== Networking ==
head, tail con -n muestran archivos desde -n lineas
+
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
! Command !! Description
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux command: netstat|netstat]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| nmap || Network mapping
 +
|-
 +
| nm-tool || Network monitor tool
 +
|-
 +
| nm-connection-editor || Network monitor editor
 +
|-
 +
| ifconfig || Show network configuration
 +
|-
 +
| iwconfig || Show WiFi connections
 +
|-
 +
| service networkmanager restart || Restart network daemon
 +
|}
 +
Network Manager configuration files:<br />
 +
*/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/name-of-connection
 +
Network configuration file:
 +
*/etc/network/interfaces
  
sort para ordenar escrito presionar ctrl+d para parar
+
== Linux key files/directories ==
tambien sirve para unir archivos con doble mayor que o menor que
+
See: [[Linux:_Key_files/folders|Linux key files/directories]]
| (pipe) concatena comandos
 
ej: cat /etc/passwd | sort | more
 
muestra el contenido del archivo /etc/passwd ordenado y paginado
 
rsync -a ruta1 ruta2 [--exclude=/{dir1, dir2..]/] copia los archivos de la ruta1 en la 2 excluyendo los especificados
 
  
grep (texto) (archivo) Busca un texto en un archivo y lo muestra
 
wc -l Cuenta las lineas
 
  
find . -name "*.txt" Distingue entre mayusculas y minusculas
+
== Programs ==
find . -iname "*.txt" No distingue entre mayusculas y minusculas
+
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
+
|-
Firewall
+
! Command !! Description
iptables -l lista reglas del firewall
+
|-
service iptables [start, stop] Activa y desactiva el firewall
+
| [[Linux_command:_git|git]] || Software repository
route -n Muestra la tabla de enrutamiento
+
|-
Instalar KDE
+
| coursera-dl ||
apt-get install kali-defaults kali-root-login desktop-base kde-full
+
|-
+
| [[Jp2a|jp2a]] || Jpg to ASCII
Actualizar Kali
+
|-
apt-get update && apt-get upgrade && apt-get dist-upgrade
+
| [[Linux:_John|john]] || John the ripper
 
+
|-
INSTALACION PROGRAMAS
+
| [[Linux:_macchanger|macchanger]] || Change MAC address
 
+
|-
        sudo apt-cache search qbasic
+
| openvpn || Connect to VPN
 
+
|-
 
+
| [[Linux_command:_terminator|terminator]] || Advanced terminal
Instalar *.deb
+
|-
sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb
+
| [[Virtualenv|virtualenv]] || Create virtual enviroments
Instalar *.rpm
+
|-
dev to rpm
+
| [[Virtualenvwrapper|virtualenvwrapper]] || Simplify virtualenv ussage
alien --to-rpm package.deb
+
|-
rpm to dev
+
| [[Linux:_youtube-dl|youtube-dl]] || YouTube video downloader
alien --to-deb package.rpm
+
|}
 
+
vnc:escritorio remoto
su Logear root en terminal
+
== Save command without running to recover later ==
 
+
ctrl+u --> saves
apt-get (update/install remove apt-cache searc)
+
ctrl+y --> recover
/etc/sources.list lista de repositorios de paquetes
 
 
 
aptitude --purge paquete desinstala un paquete
 
mc midnight commander
 
 
 
Montar/desmontar discos
 
df -h Muestra lo que hay montado
 
fdisk -l Muestra las particiones
 
mount -t vfat[ntfs-3g] /dev/hda /media/sdb  ntfs-3g es un paquete que hay que instalar.
 
para cd iso990
 
 
 
COMPILAR KERNEL
 
1.- Descargar fuentes
 
apt-get install (version nucleo se averigua con uname -r)
 
se guarda en /usr/src/versionkernel
 
descomprimir el archivo con tar xvf archivo
 
entrar en la carpeta descomprimida
 
2.- Configurar
 
3.- Compilar
 
instalar build-essential y libncurses5-dev (con apt-get install)
 
make clean limpia anteriores compilaciones
 
make menuconfig
 
make deb-pkg
 
se generan: linux-image.dev linux-libc.dev linux-headers.deb instalar con
 
dpkg -i
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
WGET
 
wget -xr website.com will download recursively all the files on that site
 
          -r
 
      --recursive
 
          Turn on recursive retrieving.    The default maximum depth is 5.
 
      -l depth
 
      --level=depth
 
          Specify recursion maximum depth level depth
 
 
 
        wget -m http://nombredelsitioweb.com
 
        wget -H -r --level=1 -k -p http://nombredelsitioweb.com"
 
 
 
TERMINATOR
 
        inciar: terminator
 
 
 
        dividir horizontal: CTRL+SHIFT+O
 
        dividir vertical CTRL+SHIFT+E
 
        Redimensionar CTRL+SHIFT+FLECHAS
 
        carmibar de terminal: ALT+FLECHA
 
        Copiar: CTRL+SHIFT+C
 
        Pegar: CTRL+SHIFT+V
 
        Cerrar ventana: CTRL+SHIFT+W
 
        Mostrartodos/Mostrar 1: CTRL+SHIFT+X
 
        Cerrar todo: CTRL+SHIFT+Q
 
        Ampliar/reducir texto: CTRL+ '+/-'
 
        Agrupar todos los terminales en una ventana: SUPER+t
 
        Desagrupar todos los terminales de una ventana: SUPER+SHIFT+T
 
 
 
        Archivo de configuración: /.config/terminator/config    +++man terminator_config
 
 
 
PROCESOS
 
Listar procesos: jobs
 
        Para ejecutar en segundo plano poner $
 
        Interrumpir proceso CTRL + C
 
        Pausar proceso CTRL + Z
 
    Recuperar proceso pausado: %PID
 
        Reanudar proceso detenido en segundo plano: bg %PID
 
        Información de procesos: ps, pstree, top, htop (ps -ef)
 
        Parar proceso: kill %PID
 
        Establecer prioridades: nice -n -5 COMANDO, renice 7 PID
 
        Ejecutar procesos evitando que se paren si se cierra la terminal: nohup COMANDO
 
        top, atop, htop: utilidades procesos completilla
 
        pgrep: devuelve el pid del proceso que coincide con la busqueda
 
        locate programa: encuentra la ubicación de un programa
 
 
 
        scp archivoorigen usuarioremoto@máquinaremota:destino
 
        vnc:escritorio remoto
 
 
 
USUARIOS
 
        w: Muestra los usuarios conectados
 
        du: disk usage
 
        chown nuevopropietario:nuevogrupo nombrearchivo
 
        chgrp nuevogrupo nombrearchivo
 
 
 
VIM
 
        i
 
        w
 
        wq
 
        q!
 
        yy copia linea
 
        dd corta linea
 
        p pegar
 
 
 
JOHN
 
                se crea el directorio /root/.john
 
        john --wordlist:[archivodiccionario] [archivo paswords]
 
        john --show[=LEFT]            show cracked passwords [if =LEFT, then uncracked]
 
 
 
ARCHIVOS IMPORTANTES
 
        /etc/sudoers
 
        carpetas de archivos ejecutables (para cada usuario en archivo home .bashrc, abrir con vim.bashrc)
 
                        (Ver /usr/share/doc/examples/startup-files del paquete bash-doc)
 
                /opt/sge/bin
 
                /usr/local/bin
 
        /etc/init.d/ "directorio para los escripts de los daemons aplicaciones arrancan al inicio.
 
 
 
RED
 
/etc/network/interfaces Configuración de red
 
/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/name-of-connection
 
NETWORK
 
nm-tool
 
nm-connection-editor
 
/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/name-of-connection
 
iwconfig: Muestra las conexiones inalambrica
 
service networkmanager restart: Reinicia network manager
 
service networking restart: Reinicia el demonio de red
 
HARDWARE
 
lspci -v: Muestra información dispositivos PCI
 

Latest revision as of 17:51, 10 September 2018

Linux general commands

Command Description
alias Creates a commnad
alien Migrate packages from .rpm to .deb and vice versa
apropos <subject> Sows commnads related to a subject
apt-get Package installation and system update
awk CLI text processor
cal Shows calendar
cat <filename> Shows file content
clear Clear screen
date Shows date
dd Create / Dump images
df Shows the disk ussage. Example: df -h -x devtmpfs -x tmpfs
dpkg .deb package installation: sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb
du Disk ussage
export VARIABLE=VALUE To create system variables
fsck Check file system
fdisk Disk partition utility
find Find files
free Shows free memory
gpg GnuPG
grep finds text matching regex or text
head Shows file start (-n, -f,...)
history Shows the commnad history (contained in ~.bash_history)
info <command> Sows command info
ln Create simbolic links
lsb_release -a Show os name and version
lsblk
lspci -v View PCI device information
lscpu List cpu cores
lsof sudo lsof -i -n | egrep '\<ssh\>'
man <command> Sowhs a command manual page
mc Midnight commander. File system navigation
mkdosfs -F32 /dev/mmcblk0 Format SD card with FAT32
more <filename> Shows file content, screen by screen
mount File sistem mounting
pwd Shows working directory
rsync -a ruta1 ruta2 [--exclude=/{dir1, dir2..]/] Copies files from ruta1 to ruta2 excluding dir1, dir2,...
rename Rename files allowing regex
scp Copy files to a remote machine over ssh protocol
ssh ssh (Secure Shell)
sed String replacement
sort Sorts the content of a file line by line
su Log as root at the terminal (sudo su)
sudo <command> Execute command as root
tar Compress/decompress tar files
tail Shows file end (-n, -f, ...)
touch <file_name> Creates an empty file
tty Shows the terminal where you are connected
uname Shows system info
visudo visudo is used to securely edit /etc/sudoers
wc -l Counts lines
wget Download files/web pages
vim Text file editor
who Connected persons
whoami Who am i
xargs Send output of command to stdin
<cmd1> | <cmd2> Pipe: takes the output of command1 as input of command2. example: cat /etc/passwd | sort | more

Users and File permissions

Command Description
adduser Add users w Show connected users
chown <NewOwner>:<NewGroup> <File> Change file owner
chgrp <NewGroup> <File> Change group of file
chmod Change file permissions

Processes

Command Description
CTRL + C Stop process
CTRL + Z Pause process
%PID Recover paused process
<command>& Execute command in second plane
bg <command> Execute command in second plane
ps List processes
pstree Show process tree
top Processes viewer
htop Process viewer more advanced than top
kill %PID Terminate process
nice, renice Process priorities: nice -n <command>
nohup <command> Execute process avoiding its stop if the terminal is stopt
pgrep <pattern> Retruns process that matches pattern
locate <program> Returns program path

Firewall

Command Description
iptables Firewall rules
service iptables [start, stop] Activate/deactivate firewall
route -n Shows routing table

Networking

Command Description
netstat
nmap Network mapping
nm-tool Network monitor tool
nm-connection-editor Network monitor editor
ifconfig Show network configuration
iwconfig Show WiFi connections
service networkmanager restart Restart network daemon

Network Manager configuration files:

  • /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/name-of-connection

Network configuration file:

  • /etc/network/interfaces

Linux key files/directories

See: Linux key files/directories


Programs

Command Description
git Software repository
coursera-dl
jp2a Jpg to ASCII
john John the ripper
macchanger Change MAC address
openvpn Connect to VPN
terminator Advanced terminal
virtualenv Create virtual enviroments
virtualenvwrapper Simplify virtualenv ussage
youtube-dl YouTube video downloader

vnc:escritorio remoto

Save command without running to recover later

ctrl+u --> saves
ctrl+y --> recover