Difference between revisions of "Linux commands"

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−
'''Linux commands'''
+
== Linux general commands ==
−
 
 
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Commands !! Description
+
! Command !! Description
 
|-
 
|-
−
| tty || Shows the terminal where you are connected
+
| [[Linux_command:_alias|alias]] || Creates a commnad
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_alien|alien]] || Migrate packages from .rpm to .deb and vice versa
 +
|-
 +
| apropos <subject> || Sows commnads related to a subject
 
|-
 
|-
−
| free || Shows free memory
+
| [[Linux_comand:_apt-get|apt-get]] || Package installation and system update
 
|-
 
|-
−
| date || Shows date
+
| [[Linux_command:_awk|awk]] || CLI text processor
 
|-
 
|-
 
| cal || Shows calendar
 
| cal || Shows calendar
 +
|-
 +
| cat <filename> || Shows file content
 
|-
 
|-
 
| clear || Clear screen
 
| clear || Clear screen
 
|-
 
|-
−
| who || Connected persons
+
| [[Linux_command:_date|date]] || Shows date
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_dd|dd]] || Create / Dump images
 
|-
 
|-
−
| whoami || Who am i
+
| df || Shows the disk ussage. Example: df -h -x devtmpfs -x tmpfs
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Linux_command:_uname|uname]] || Shows system info
+
| dpkg || .deb package installation: sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[Linux_command:_du|du]] || Disk ussage  
 
| [[Linux_command:_du|du]] || Disk ussage  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| df || Shows the disk ussage. Example: df -h 
+
| export VARIABLE=VALUE || To create system variables
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_fsck|fsck]] || Check file system
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_fdisk|fdisk]] || Disk partition utility
 
|-
 
|-
−
| man <command> || Sowhs a command manual page 
+
| [[Linux_command:_find|find]] || Find files
 
|-
 
|-
−
| apropos <subject> || Sows commnads related to a subject
+
| free || Shows free memory
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux:_gpg|gpg]] || GnuPG
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_comand:_grep|grep]] || finds text matching regex or text
 +
|-
 +
| head || Shows file start (-n, -f,...)
 +
|-
 +
| history || Shows the commnad history (contained in ~.bash_history)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| info <command> || Sows command info
 
| info <command> || Sows command info
 
|-
 
|-
−
| history || Shows the commnad history (contained in ~.bash_history)
+
| [[Linux_command:_ln|ln]] || Create simbolic links
 +
|-
 +
| lsb_release -a || Show os name and version
 +
|-
 +
| lsblk ||
 +
|-
 +
| lspci -v || View PCI device information
 +
|-
 +
| lscpu || List cpu cores
 
|-
 
|-
−
| pwd || Shows working directory
+
| lsof || <nowiki>sudo lsof -i -n | egrep '\<ssh\>'</nowiki>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| touch <file_name> || Creates an empty file
+
| man <command> || Sowhs a command manual page
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Linux_command:_alias|alias]] || Creates a commnad
+
| mc || Midnight commander. File system navigation
 
|-
 
|-
−
| cat <filename> || Shows file content
+
| mkdosfs -F32 /dev/mmcblk0 || Format SD card with FAT32
 
|-
 
|-
 
| more <filename> || Shows file content, screen by screen
 
| more <filename> || Shows file content, screen by screen
 
|-
 
|-
−
| head || Shows file start (-n, -f,...)
+
| mount || File sistem mounting
 +
|-
 +
| pwd || Shows working directory
 +
|-
 +
| rsync -a ruta1 ruta2 [--exclude=/{dir1, dir2..]/] || Copies files from ruta1 to ruta2 excluding dir1, dir2,...
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux command: rename|rename]] || Rename files allowing regex
 +
|-
 +
| scp || Copy files to a remote machine over ssh protocol
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux:_SSH|ssh]] || ssh (Secure Shell)
 
|-
 
|-
−
| tail || Shows file end (-n, -f, ...)
+
| [[Linux_command:_sed|sed]] || String replacement
 
|-
 
|-
 
| sort || Sorts the content of a file line by line
 
| sort || Sorts the content of a file line by line
 
|-
 
|-
−
| <nowiki><cmd1> | <cmd2></nowiki> || Pipe: takes the output of command1 as input of command2. example: <nowiki>cat /etc/passwd | sort | more</nowiki>
+
| su || Log as root at the terminal (sudo su)
 +
|-
 +
| sudo <command>|| Execute command as root
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_tar|tar]] || Compress/decompress tar files
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux command: tail|tail]] || Shows file end (-n, -f, ...)
 +
|-
 +
| touch <file_name> || Creates an empty file
 +
|-
 +
| tty || Shows the terminal where you are connected
 
|-
 
|-
−
| rsync -a ruta1 ruta2 [--exclude=/{dir1, dir2..]/] || Copies files from ruta1 to ruta2 excluding dir1, dir2,...
+
| [[Linux_command:_uname|uname]] || Shows system info
 
|-
 
|-
−
| grep <text> || finds text
+
| [[Linux_comand:_visudo|visudo]] || visudo is used to securely edit /etc/sudoers
 
|-
 
|-
 
| wc -l || Counts lines
 
| wc -l || Counts lines
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[Linux_command:_find|find]] || Find files
+
| [[Linux_command:_wget|wget]] || Download files/web pages
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux:_vim|vim]] || Text file editor
 +
|-
 +
| who || Connected persons
 +
|-
 +
| whoami || Who am i
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_xargs|xargs]] || Send output of command to stdin
 
|-
 
|-
−
| ||
+
| <nowiki><cmd1> | <cmd2></nowiki> || Pipe: takes the output of command1 as input of command2. example: <nowiki>cat /etc/passwd | sort | more</nowiki>
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
find . -name "*.txt" Distingue entre mayusculas y minusculas
+
== Users and File permissions ==
−
find . -iname "*.txt" No distingue entre mayusculas y minusculas
+
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
! Command !! Description
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_adduser|adduser]] || Add users
 +
| w || Show connected users
 +
|-
 +
| chown <NewOwner>:<NewGroup> <File>|| Change file owner
 +
|-
 +
| chgrp <NewGroup> <File> || Change group of file
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_chmod|chmod]] || Change file permissions
 +
|}
  
−
Firewall
+
== Processes ==
−
iptables -l lista reglas del firewall
 
−
service iptables [start, stop] Activa y desactiva el firewall
 
−
route -n Muestra la tabla de enrutamiento
 
−
Instalar KDE
 
−
apt-get install kali-defaults kali-root-login desktop-base kde-full
 
−
 
−
Actualizar Kali
 
−
apt-get update && apt-get upgrade && apt-get dist-upgrade
 
  
−
INSTALACION PROGRAMAS
+
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
! Command !! Description
 +
|-
 +
| CTRL + C || Stop process
 +
|-
 +
| CTRL + Z || Pause process
 +
|-
 +
| %PID || Recover paused process
 +
|-
 +
| <command>& || Execute command in second plane
 +
|-
 +
| bg <command> || Execute command in second plane
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_ps|ps]] || List processes
 +
|-
 +
| pstree || Show process tree
 +
|-
 +
| top || Processes viewer
 +
|-
 +
| htop || Process viewer more advanced than top
 +
|-
 +
| kill %PID || Terminate process
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_nice|nice, renice]] || Process priorities: nice -n <command>
 +
|-
 +
| nohup <command> || Execute process avoiding its stop if the terminal is stopt
 +
|-
 +
| pgrep <pattern>|| Retruns process that matches pattern
 +
|-
 +
| locate <program> || Returns program path
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
−
        sudo apt-cache search qbasic
+
== Firewall ==
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
! Command !! Description
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux_command:_iptables|iptables]] || Firewall rules
 +
|-
 +
| service iptables [start, stop] || Activate/deactivate firewall
 +
|-
 +
| route -n || Shows routing table
 +
|}
  
 +
== Networking ==
 +
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 +
|-
 +
! Command !! Description
 +
|-
 +
| [[Linux command: netstat|netstat]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| nmap || Network mapping
 +
|-
 +
| nm-tool || Network monitor tool
 +
|-
 +
| nm-connection-editor || Network monitor editor
 +
|-
 +
| ifconfig || Show network configuration
 +
|-
 +
| iwconfig || Show WiFi connections
 +
|-
 +
| service networkmanager restart || Restart network daemon
 +
|}
 +
Network Manager configuration files:<br />
 +
*/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/name-of-connection
 +
Network configuration file:
 +
*/etc/network/interfaces
  
−
Instalar *.deb
+
== Linux key files/directories ==
−
sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb
+
See: [[Linux:_Key_files/folders|Linux key files/directories]]
−
Instalar *.rpm
 
−
dev to rpm
 
−
alien --to-rpm package.deb
 
−
rpm to dev
 
−
alien --to-deb package.rpm
 
  
−
su Logear root en terminal
 
  
−
apt-get (update/install remove apt-cache searc)
+
== Programs ==
−
/etc/sources.list lista de repositorios de paquetes
+
{| class="wikitable sortable"
−
 
+
|-
−
aptitude --purge paquete desinstala un paquete
+
! Command !! Description
−
mc midnight commander
+
|-
−
 
+
| [[Linux_command:_git|git]] || Software repository
−
Montar/desmontar discos
+
|-
−
df -h Muestra lo que hay montado
+
| coursera-dl ||
−
fdisk -l Muestra las particiones
+
|-
−
mount -t vfat[ntfs-3g] /dev/hda /media/sdb  ntfs-3g es un paquete que hay que instalar.
+
| [[Jp2a|jp2a]] || Jpg to ASCII
−
para cd iso990
+
|-
−
 
+
| [[Linux:_John|john]] || John the ripper
−
COMPILAR KERNEL
+
|-
−
1.- Descargar fuentes
+
| [[Linux:_macchanger|macchanger]] || Change MAC address
−
apt-get install (version nucleo se averigua con uname -r)
+
|-
−
se guarda en /usr/src/versionkernel
+
| openvpn || Connect to VPN
−
descomprimir el archivo con tar xvf archivo
+
|-
−
entrar en la carpeta descomprimida
+
| [[Linux_command:_terminator|terminator]] || Advanced terminal
−
2.- Configurar
+
|-
−
3.- Compilar
+
| [[Virtualenv|virtualenv]] || Create virtual enviroments
−
instalar build-essential y libncurses5-dev (con apt-get install)
+
|-
−
make clean limpia anteriores compilaciones
+
| [[Virtualenvwrapper|virtualenvwrapper]] || Simplify virtualenv ussage
−
make menuconfig
+
|-
−
make deb-pkg
+
| [[Linux:_youtube-dl|youtube-dl]] || YouTube video downloader
−
se generan: linux-image.dev linux-libc.dev linux-headers.deb instalar con
+
|}
−
dpkg -i
+
vnc:escritorio remoto
−
 
+
== Save command without running to recover later ==
−
 
+
ctrl+u --> saves
−
 
+
ctrl+y --> recover
−
WGET
 
−
wget -xr website.com will download recursively all the files on that site
 
−
          -r
 
−
      --recursive
 
−
          Turn on recursive retrieving.    The default maximum depth is 5.
 
−
      -l depth
 
−
      --level=depth
 
−
          Specify recursion maximum depth level depth
 
−
 
 
−
        wget -m http://nombredelsitioweb.com
 
−
        wget -H -r --level=1 -k -p http://nombredelsitioweb.com"
 
−
 
 
−
TERMINATOR
 
−
        inciar: terminator
 
−
 
 
−
        dividir horizontal: CTRL+SHIFT+O
 
−
        dividir vertical CTRL+SHIFT+E
 
−
        Redimensionar CTRL+SHIFT+FLECHAS
 
−
        carmibar de terminal: ALT+FLECHA
 
−
        Copiar: CTRL+SHIFT+C
 
−
        Pegar: CTRL+SHIFT+V
 
−
        Cerrar ventana: CTRL+SHIFT+W
 
−
        Mostrartodos/Mostrar 1: CTRL+SHIFT+X
 
−
        Cerrar todo: CTRL+SHIFT+Q
 
−
        Ampliar/reducir texto: CTRL+ '+/-'
 
−
        Agrupar todos los terminales en una ventana: SUPER+t
 
−
        Desagrupar todos los terminales de una ventana: SUPER+SHIFT+T
 
−
 
 
−
        Archivo de configuración: /.config/terminator/config    +++man terminator_config
 
−
 
 
−
PROCESOS
 
−
Listar procesos: jobs
 
−
        Para ejecutar en segundo plano poner $
 
−
        Interrumpir proceso CTRL + C
 
−
        Pausar proceso CTRL + Z
 
−
    Recuperar proceso pausado: %PID
 
−
        Reanudar proceso detenido en segundo plano: bg %PID
 
−
        Información de procesos: ps, pstree, top, htop (ps -ef)
 
−
        Parar proceso: kill %PID
 
−
        Establecer prioridades: nice -n -5 COMANDO, renice 7 PID
 
−
        Ejecutar procesos evitando que se paren si se cierra la terminal: nohup COMANDO
 
−
        top, atop, htop: utilidades procesos completilla
 
−
        pgrep: devuelve el pid del proceso que coincide con la busqueda
 
−
        locate programa: encuentra la ubicación de un programa
 
−
 
 
−
        scp archivoorigen usuarioremoto@máquinaremota:destino
 
−
        vnc:escritorio remoto
 
−
 
 
−
USUARIOS
 
−
        w: Muestra los usuarios conectados
 
−
        du: disk usage
 
−
        chown nuevopropietario:nuevogrupo nombrearchivo
 
−
        chgrp nuevogrupo nombrearchivo
 
−
 
 
−
VIM
 
−
        i
 
−
        w
 
−
        wq
 
−
        q!
 
−
        yy copia linea
 
−
        dd corta linea
 
−
        p pegar
 
−
 
 
−
JOHN
 
−
                se crea el directorio /root/.john
 
−
        john --wordlist:[archivodiccionario] [archivo paswords]
 
−
        john --show[=LEFT]            show cracked passwords [if =LEFT, then uncracked]
 
−
 
 
−
ARCHIVOS IMPORTANTES
 
−
        /etc/sudoers
 
−
        carpetas de archivos ejecutables (para cada usuario en archivo home .bashrc, abrir con vim.bashrc)
 
−
                        (Ver /usr/share/doc/examples/startup-files del paquete bash-doc)
 
−
                /opt/sge/bin
 
−
                /usr/local/bin
 
−
        /etc/init.d/ "directorio para los escripts de los daemons aplicaciones arrancan al inicio.
 
−
 
 
−
RED
 
−
/etc/network/interfaces Configuración de red
 
−
/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/name-of-connection
 
−
NETWORK
 
−
nm-tool
 
−
nm-connection-editor
 
−
/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/name-of-connection
 
−
iwconfig: Muestra las conexiones inalambrica
 
−
service networkmanager restart: Reinicia network manager
 
−
service networking restart: Reinicia el demonio de red
 
−
HARDWARE
 
−
lspci -v: Muestra información dispositivos PCI
 

Latest revision as of 17:51, 10 September 2018

Linux general commands

Command Description
alias Creates a commnad
alien Migrate packages from .rpm to .deb and vice versa
apropos <subject> Sows commnads related to a subject
apt-get Package installation and system update
awk CLI text processor
cal Shows calendar
cat <filename> Shows file content
clear Clear screen
date Shows date
dd Create / Dump images
df Shows the disk ussage. Example: df -h -x devtmpfs -x tmpfs
dpkg .deb package installation: sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb
du Disk ussage
export VARIABLE=VALUE To create system variables
fsck Check file system
fdisk Disk partition utility
find Find files
free Shows free memory
gpg GnuPG
grep finds text matching regex or text
head Shows file start (-n, -f,...)
history Shows the commnad history (contained in ~.bash_history)
info <command> Sows command info
ln Create simbolic links
lsb_release -a Show os name and version
lsblk
lspci -v View PCI device information
lscpu List cpu cores
lsof sudo lsof -i -n | egrep '\<ssh\>'
man <command> Sowhs a command manual page
mc Midnight commander. File system navigation
mkdosfs -F32 /dev/mmcblk0 Format SD card with FAT32
more <filename> Shows file content, screen by screen
mount File sistem mounting
pwd Shows working directory
rsync -a ruta1 ruta2 [--exclude=/{dir1, dir2..]/] Copies files from ruta1 to ruta2 excluding dir1, dir2,...
rename Rename files allowing regex
scp Copy files to a remote machine over ssh protocol
ssh ssh (Secure Shell)
sed String replacement
sort Sorts the content of a file line by line
su Log as root at the terminal (sudo su)
sudo <command> Execute command as root
tar Compress/decompress tar files
tail Shows file end (-n, -f, ...)
touch <file_name> Creates an empty file
tty Shows the terminal where you are connected
uname Shows system info
visudo visudo is used to securely edit /etc/sudoers
wc -l Counts lines
wget Download files/web pages
vim Text file editor
who Connected persons
whoami Who am i
xargs Send output of command to stdin
<cmd1> | <cmd2> Pipe: takes the output of command1 as input of command2. example: cat /etc/passwd | sort | more

Users and File permissions

Command Description
adduser Add users w Show connected users
chown <NewOwner>:<NewGroup> <File> Change file owner
chgrp <NewGroup> <File> Change group of file
chmod Change file permissions

Processes

Command Description
CTRL + C Stop process
CTRL + Z Pause process
%PID Recover paused process
<command>& Execute command in second plane
bg <command> Execute command in second plane
ps List processes
pstree Show process tree
top Processes viewer
htop Process viewer more advanced than top
kill %PID Terminate process
nice, renice Process priorities: nice -n <command>
nohup <command> Execute process avoiding its stop if the terminal is stopt
pgrep <pattern> Retruns process that matches pattern
locate <program> Returns program path

Firewall

Command Description
iptables Firewall rules
service iptables [start, stop] Activate/deactivate firewall
route -n Shows routing table

Networking

Command Description
netstat
nmap Network mapping
nm-tool Network monitor tool
nm-connection-editor Network monitor editor
ifconfig Show network configuration
iwconfig Show WiFi connections
service networkmanager restart Restart network daemon

Network Manager configuration files:

  • /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/name-of-connection

Network configuration file:

  • /etc/network/interfaces

Linux key files/directories

See: Linux key files/directories


Programs

Command Description
git Software repository
coursera-dl
jp2a Jpg to ASCII
john John the ripper
macchanger Change MAC address
openvpn Connect to VPN
terminator Advanced terminal
virtualenv Create virtual enviroments
virtualenvwrapper Simplify virtualenv ussage
youtube-dl YouTube video downloader

vnc:escritorio remoto

Save command without running to recover later

ctrl+u --> saves
ctrl+y --> recover
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